Chloroplast DNA

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Chloroplast DNA Interactive gene map of chloroplast DNA from Nicotiana tabacum. Segments with labels on the inside reside on the B strand of DNA, segments with labels on the outside are on the A strand. Notches indicate introns.

Chloroplast DNA (cpDNA) is the DNA located in chloroplasts, which are photosynthetic organelles located within the cells of some eukaryotic organisms. Chloroplasts, like other types of plastid, contain a genome separate from that in the cell nucleus. The existence of chloroplast DNA was identified biochemically in 1959,^[1] and confirmed by electron microscopy in 1962.^[2] The discoveries that the chloroplast contains ribosomes^[3] and performs protein synthesis^[4] revealed that the chloroplast is genetically semi-autonomous. The first complete chloroplast genome sequences were published in 1986, Nicotiana tabacum (tobacco) by Sugiura and colleagues and Marchantia polymorpha (liverwort) by Ozeki et al.^[5]^[6] Since then, a great number of chloroplast DNAs from various species have been sequenced.

^ Cite error: The named reference Stocking1959 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Ris1962 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Lyttleton1962 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Cite error: The named reference Heber1962 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).
^ Shinozaki, K.; Ohme, M.; Tanaka, M.; Wakasugi, T.; Hayashida, N.; Matsubayashi, T.; Zaita, N.; Chunwongse, J.; Obokata, J.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.; Ohto, C. (1986). "The complete nucleotide sequence of the tobacco chloroplast genome: its gene organization and expression". The EMBO Journal. 5 (9): 2043–2049. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04464.x. ISSN 0261-4189. PMC 1167080. PMID 16453699.
^ Ohyama, Kanji; Fukuzawa, Hideya; Kohchi, Takayuki; Shirai, Hiromasa; Sano, Tohru; Sano, Satoshi; Umesono, Kazuhiko; Shiki, Yasuhiko; Takeuchi, Masayuki; Chang, Zhen; Aota, Shin-ichi (1986). "Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA". Nature. 322 (6079): 572–574. Bibcode:1986Natur.322..572O. doi:10.1038/322572a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4311952.

[Stocking1959-1] Cite error: The named reference Stocking1959 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Ris1962-2] Cite error: The named reference Ris1962 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Lyttleton1962-3] Cite error: The named reference Lyttleton1962 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[Heber1962-4] Cite error: The named reference Heber1962 was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

[5] Shinozaki, K.; Ohme, M.; Tanaka, M.; Wakasugi, T.; Hayashida, N.; Matsubayashi, T.; Zaita, N.; Chunwongse, J.; Obokata, J.; Yamaguchi-Shinozaki, K.; Ohto, C. (1986). "The complete nucleotide sequence of the tobacco chloroplast genome: its gene organization and expression". The EMBO Journal. 5 (9): 2043–2049. doi:10.1002/j.1460-2075.1986.tb04464.x. ISSN 0261-4189. PMC 1167080. PMID 16453699.

[6] Ohyama, Kanji; Fukuzawa, Hideya; Kohchi, Takayuki; Shirai, Hiromasa; Sano, Tohru; Sano, Satoshi; Umesono, Kazuhiko; Shiki, Yasuhiko; Takeuchi, Masayuki; Chang, Zhen; Aota, Shin-ichi (1986). "Chloroplast gene organization deduced from complete sequence of liverwort Marchantia polymorpha chloroplast DNA". Nature. 322 (6079): 572–574. Bibcode:1986Natur.322..572O. doi:10.1038/322572a0. ISSN 1476-4687. S2CID 4311952.

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